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Japanese Counters

In Japanese, the counter you use depends on what you are counting: people, books, long objects, animals, vehicles, or floors.

How Does Counting Work in Japanese?

The number usually comes before the counter: 三人(さんにん) means three people, and 五冊(ごさつ) means five books. Many counters have special readings, so it is useful to learn them together with examples.

01 · GENERAL COUNTER

General Counter for Objects: ~つ

A convenient way to count objects when a specific counter is unnecessary or unknown; used for numbers up to ten.

QuantityJapaneseReading
1一つひとつ (hitotsu)
2二つふたつ (futatsu)
3三つみっつ (mittsu)
4四つよっつ (yottsu)
5五ついつつ (itsutsu)
6六つむっつ (muttsu)
7七つななつ (nanatsu)
8八つやっつ (yattsu)
9九つここのつ (kokonotsu)
10十とお (tō)
02 · PEOPLE AND AGE

People: ~人 and Age: ~歳

人(にん) has special forms for one and two people. 歳(さい) also has sound changes.

QuantityJapaneseReading
1 person一人ひとり
2 people二人ふたり
3 people三人さんにん
4 people四人よにん
5 people五人ごにん
How many people?何人なんにん
AgeJapaneseReading
1 year old一歳いっさい
2 years old二歳にさい
3 years old三歳さんさい
4 years old四歳よんさい
8 years old八歳はっさい
20 years old二十歳はたち
03 · OBJECTS

Common Counters for Objects

Choose a counter according to the shape or type of object.

What is being countedCounterExampleReading
Long objects: bottles, pencils, trees~本(ほん)一本/三本いっぽん/さんぼん
Books, magazines, notebooks~冊(さつ)一冊/三冊いっさつ/さんさつ
Flat objects: sheets of paper, tickets, plates~枚(まい)一枚/三枚いちまい/さんまい
Small animals: cats, dogs, fish~匹(ひき)一匹/三匹いっぴき/さんびき
Large animals~頭(とう)一頭/三頭いっとう/さんとう
Cars, bicycles, and appliances~台(だい)一台/三台いちだい/さんだい
Shoes and pairs of socks~足(そく)一足/三足いっそく/さんぞく
Cups and glasses of drinks~杯(はい)一杯/三杯いっぱい/さんばい
Building floors~階(かい)一階/三階いっかい/さんがい
Times / number of occurrences~回(かい)一回/三回いっかい/さんかい
Clothing~着(ちゃく)一着/三着いっちゃく/さんちゃく
Small accessories and objects~個(こ)一個/三個いっこ/さんこ
04 · OTHER SITUATIONS

Time, Events, and Groups

A few more commonly used counters.

What is being countedCounterExampleReading
Minutes~分(ふん/ぷん)五分ごふん
Hours / duration in hours~時間(じかん)三時間さんじかん
Weeks~週間(しゅうかん)二週間にしゅうかん
Months as a duration~か月(かげつ)三か月さんかげつ
Years as a duration~年間(ねんかん)二年間にねんかん
Letters and documents~通(つう)一通いっつう
Servings / meals~人前(にんまえ)二人前ににんまえ
Sets / pairs of objects~組(くみ)一組ひとくみ
Examples in Sentences

りんごを三つください。— Three apples, please.

教室に学生が四人います。— There are four students in the classroom.

本を二冊買いました。— I bought two books.

猫が一匹います。— There is one cat.

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