Japanese Counters
In Japanese, the counter you use depends on what you are counting: people, books, long objects, animals, vehicles, or floors.

The number usually comes before the counter: 三人(さんにん) means three people, and 五冊(ごさつ) means five books. Many counters have special readings, so it is useful to learn them together with examples.

General Counter for Objects: ~つ
A convenient way to count objects when a specific counter is unnecessary or unknown; used for numbers up to ten.
| Quantity | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 一つ | ひとつ (hitotsu) |
| 2 | 二つ | ふたつ (futatsu) |
| 3 | 三つ | みっつ (mittsu) |
| 4 | 四つ | よっつ (yottsu) |
| 5 | 五つ | いつつ (itsutsu) |
| 6 | 六つ | むっつ (muttsu) |
| 7 | 七つ | ななつ (nanatsu) |
| 8 | 八つ | やっつ (yattsu) |
| 9 | 九つ | ここのつ (kokonotsu) |
| 10 | 十 | とお (tō) |

People: ~人 and Age: ~歳
人(にん) has special forms for one and two people. 歳(さい) also has sound changes.
| Quantity | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 person | 一人 | ひとり |
| 2 people | 二人 | ふたり |
| 3 people | 三人 | さんにん |
| 4 people | 四人 | よにん |
| 5 people | 五人 | ごにん |
| How many people? | 何人 | なんにん |
| Age | Japanese | Reading |
|---|---|---|
| 1 year old | 一歳 | いっさい |
| 2 years old | 二歳 | にさい |
| 3 years old | 三歳 | さんさい |
| 4 years old | 四歳 | よんさい |
| 8 years old | 八歳 | はっさい |
| 20 years old | 二十歳 | はたち |

Common Counters for Objects
Choose a counter according to the shape or type of object.
| What is being counted | Counter | Example | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|
| Long objects: bottles, pencils, trees | ~本(ほん) | 一本/三本 | いっぽん/さんぼん |
| Books, magazines, notebooks | ~冊(さつ) | 一冊/三冊 | いっさつ/さんさつ |
| Flat objects: sheets of paper, tickets, plates | ~枚(まい) | 一枚/三枚 | いちまい/さんまい |
| Small animals: cats, dogs, fish | ~匹(ひき) | 一匹/三匹 | いっぴき/さんびき |
| Large animals | ~頭(とう) | 一頭/三頭 | いっとう/さんとう |
| Cars, bicycles, and appliances | ~台(だい) | 一台/三台 | いちだい/さんだい |
| Shoes and pairs of socks | ~足(そく) | 一足/三足 | いっそく/さんぞく |
| Cups and glasses of drinks | ~杯(はい) | 一杯/三杯 | いっぱい/さんばい |
| Building floors | ~階(かい) | 一階/三階 | いっかい/さんがい |
| Times / number of occurrences | ~回(かい) | 一回/三回 | いっかい/さんかい |
| Clothing | ~着(ちゃく) | 一着/三着 | いっちゃく/さんちゃく |
| Small accessories and objects | ~個(こ) | 一個/三個 | いっこ/さんこ |

Time, Events, and Groups
A few more commonly used counters.
| What is being counted | Counter | Example | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minutes | ~分(ふん/ぷん) | 五分 | ごふん |
| Hours / duration in hours | ~時間(じかん) | 三時間 | さんじかん |
| Weeks | ~週間(しゅうかん) | 二週間 | にしゅうかん |
| Months as a duration | ~か月(かげつ) | 三か月 | さんかげつ |
| Years as a duration | ~年間(ねんかん) | 二年間 | にねんかん |
| Letters and documents | ~通(つう) | 一通 | いっつう |
| Servings / meals | ~人前(にんまえ) | 二人前 | ににんまえ |
| Sets / pairs of objects | ~組(くみ) | 一組 | ひとくみ |

りんごを三つください。— Three apples, please.
教室に学生が四人います。— There are four students in the classroom.
本を二冊買いました。— I bought two books.
猫が一匹います。— There is one cat.
